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How to Install Linux on Your Chromebook

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  • How to Install Linux on Your Chromebook
    Chromebooks are amazing little machines. Since they run a barebones operating system with just a browser on top, they are often inexpensive, low-powered, and incredibly useful. However, if you want to go beyond the extensions and Android apps Chrome OS offers, there are a few ways to get Linux up and running to make your Chromebook more versatile.

  • What You'll Need

    There are a few ways to run Linux apps on your Chromebook, but in almost all cases, we recommend you have a few things:
    • An Intel-based Chromebook. Technically, some of these methods can work on ARM-based machines, but you'll be more limited in the apps you can run. To truly unlock your Chromebook's potential, you'll want one using an Intel processor. Our favorites include the Asus Chromebook Flip (C302CA-DHM4)$473.88 at Amazon and HP Chromebook x2$599.99 at HP.
    • Some Linux chops. We can walk you through the basic steps to get up and running, but in order to actually use Linux, you'll need some basic knowledge of how the operating system works, including the command line. If you're still a beginner, you can get an awful lot of help from the Ubuntu Forums and Linux subreddits.
    • A recovery disk. Before you start messing with your Chromebook, I recommend installing the Chromebook Recovery Utility and creating a recovery disk. You'll need a flash drive with 4GB of space or more, and you'll be glad you have it on hand in case something goes wrong and you want to reverse the process.
    • Nerves of steel. Two of these methods are not officially supported by Google, and require you to put your Chromebook in Developer Mode (which creates a slightly less secure environment if you careless). The third is official, but still in pretty early beta. No matter what you decide to do: proceed with caution, and know that there's always a possibility something will break! (Hence the recovery disk recommended above.)
    Still keen on moving forward? Alright, let's do this.
  • How to Install Linux on Your Chromebook

    Install Linux Apps With Crostini

    Google's official method for installing Linux apps is called Crostini, and it allows you to run individual Linux apps right on top of your Chrome OS desktop. Since these apps live inside their own little containers, it's quite secure, and if something goes awry, your Chrome OS desktop shouldn't be affected.
    However, this is a fairly new feature, and it's still in development, meaning certain things don't work—like audio in Linux apps, or accelerated graphics for Linux games—so don't expect the world just yet. In addition, not all Chromebooks support it, but if yours does, it's probably the ideal way to get those extra apps running.
    To get Crostini started, click on the clock in the bottom-right corner of the screen and select the Settings icon. Scroll down to the "Linux (Beta)" setting—if you don't see it, your Chromebook isn't supported yet, and you'll need to use one of the other two methods below. If you do see this option, click the Turn On button to install the feature.
    You'll be presented with a Linux Terminal. From there, type the following two commands, pressing Enter after each one:
    sudo apt update
    sudo apt upgrade
    These commands ensure all your Linux software is up to date. Right now, that just means the software running the underlying Linux system, but you can run these commands in the future to update your Linux apps as well.

  • Install a Linux App Using Crostini

    Speaking of Linux apps, let's install one. We'll use GIMP for this example, since—let's be honest—it's probably why half of you are reading this anyway. Run the following command:
    sudo apt install gimp
    You can obviously replace gimp in that command with the package name of whatever app you want to install.
    Once that's done, you should be able to open Chrome's app launcher, scroll down to the Linux Apps folder, and launch GIMP (or whatever other apps you've installed) from there.
    Note that these apps can't access your Chromebook's regular folders, so if you want to open a file you downloaded in Chrome, you'll need to drag it to the new "Linux Files" folder in Chrome OS' file manager.
    Remember, this is still in early beta, and not everything works perfectly yet. If you run into any trouble, the /r/crostini subreddit is a good place to ask for help.

  • Get a Full Linux Desktop With Crouton

    If you want a more full-fledged Linux experience—or if your Chromebook doesn't support Crostini—you can install an Ubuntu desktop alongside Chrome OS with an unofficial chroot environment called Crouton. It's extremely quick and easy to set up, and most users will probably end up going this route.
    In order to install Crouton, you'll need to put your Chromebook in Developer Mode. This will erase all your files and settings, so back up anything that isn't already synced to the cloud. Next, with your Chromebook turned off, hold down the Esc and Refresh keys, then press the Power button.
    At the recovery screen that appears, press Ctrl+D, then press Enter when asked if you want to turn OS verification off. From now on, you'll need to press Ctrl+D every time you boot your Chromebook and see the OS verification screen.

  • Install Crouton from Chrome OS Terminal

    Once you're back in Chrome OS, download Crouton by clicking the link at the top of this page. Then, press Ctrl+Alt+T to open Chrome OS' terminal, type shell, and press Enter to open a shell.
    Next, run the following command, which copies the Crouton installer to the /usr/local/bin folder, where it can be executed:
    sudo install -Dt /usr/local/bin -m 755 ~/Downloads/crouton
    Then run this command to install Crouton with the XFCE desktop environment (if you have another environment you prefer, you can replace it here):
    sudo crouton -t xfce
    This process will take a while, so be patient. Finally, when that's done, you can enter your Linux desktop by running:
    sudo enter-chroot startxfce4
    You can cycle between the Chrome OS and Linux desktops with Ctrl+Alt+Shift+Back and Ctrl+Alt+Shift+Forward on your keyboard—no rebooting required. From the Linux desktop you can install apps, customize your workspace, and basically live your life within that Linux environment.
    The Crouton GitHub readme has some information on other things you can do to improve this setup, such as sharing your clipboard between environments, updating your version of Ubuntu, backing up your data, and enabling encryption for your Linux setup (which is highly recommended, since this process is inherently less secure than an untainted Chrome OS). This is where command line chops come in handy!
    If you ever want to go back to a pure Chrome OS setup, turn off your Chromebook and start it back up by holding down Esc and Refresh while tapping the Power button. Insert the recovery drive you made (you didmake one like we recommended, right?) and follow the instructions to start from scratch.

  • Dual-Boot Chrome OS With Linux (for Enthusiasts)

    Here's where things get a bit more complex. If you want to run Linux independently of Chrome OS—maybe you don't really want Chrome OS at all, or maybe you want a separate environment you can muck around in without endangering your Chrome installation—you can install Linux in a more traditional fashion, partitioning the drive and dual-booting it with Chrome OS.
    Note that this will require dedicating quite a bit of extra space to your Linux installation, which may not be easy on Chromebooks with small amounts of storage. It'll also wipe your device, so back up important files now before continuing!
    To dual-boot Linux, I recommend a tool call chrx, which will walk you through the necessary steps. By default, chrx installs GalliumOS, a lightweight distribution based on Xubuntu that's customized for low-powered Chromebook hardware.
    If you want things as snappy as possible, GalliumOS is a great choice. However, chrx can also install Ubuntu and Fedora (plus Ubuntu derivatives like Lubuntu and Kubuntu), if you prefer.
    Before using chrx, you'll need to enable Developer Mode, as we did when installing Crouton. You may also need to disable write protection and install custom firmware on your laptop, depending on its CPU.
    Check out this page for compatibility information regarding your specific laptop, and what you'll need to do. (This custom firmware also allows you to wipe Chrome OS entirely and install Linux on its own, if you prefer that over dual-booting.)

  • Install GalliumOS With chrx

    Once that's done, press Ctrl+Alt+T to bring up a terminal, then type shelland press Enter. Run the following command to prepare your Chromebook for installation (using these flags, if you want to install a different distribution or adjust other settings):
    cd ; curl -Os https://chrx.org/go && sh go
    The chrx installer will guide you through partitioning your drive before rebooting, at which point you can open a terminal and run the command again to install Linux.
    Once that's finished, your Chromebook will reboot and you can press Ctrl+L at startup to boot into your chosen Linux distro (or Ctrl+D to boot back into Chrome OS).
    You may need to futz with software and drivers a bit more with this method, but if you're a Linux veteran, you shouldn't have too much trouble—and you'll end up with a clean system you can customize to your heart's content.
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